122 Degrees Fahrenheit To Celsius

Temperature scale

Fahrenheit
Thermometer with Fahrenheit (marked on outer bezel) and Celsius (marked on inner dial) degree units.
Full general information
Unit system	Royal/US customary
Unit of measurement of	Temperature
Symbol	°F
Named after	Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit
Conversions
x  °F in ...	... is equal to ...
SI base units	5 / 9 ( x  +459.67) K
SI derived units	5 / 9 ( x  − 32) °C
absolute scale	x  + 459.67 °Ra

The Fahrenheit scale () is a temperature calibration based on one proposed in 1724 past the physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736).^[1] It uses the degree Fahrenheit (symbol: °F) as the unit of measurement. Several accounts of how he originally defined his scale exist, but the original paper suggests the lower defining point, 0 °F, was established as the freezing temperature of a solution of brine made from a mixture of water, ice, and ammonium chloride (a table salt).^{[two] [iii]} The other limit established was his best guess of the boilerplate human body temperature, originally set at 90 °F, so 96 °F (about 2.half dozen °F less than the modern value due to a afterward redefinition of the scale).^[2] However, he noted a center point of 32 °F, to exist prepare to the temperature of water ice water.

For much of the 20th century, the Fahrenheit scale was defined past 2 fixed points with a 180 °F separation: the temperature at which pure water freezes was defined every bit 32 °F and the boiling betoken of water was defined to be 212 °F, both at body of water level and under standard atmospheric pressure. Information technology is now formally defined using the Kelvin scale^{[4] [5]} and hence ultimately by the Boltzmann abiding, the Planck constant, and the unperturbed ground-land hyperfine transition frequency of the caesium-133 atom.^[six]

It is officially used in the United States (including its unincorporated territories), its freely associated states in the Western Pacific (Palau, the Federated States of Federated states of micronesia and the Republic of the marshall islands), the Cayman Islands, and the former American colony of Liberia. Fahrenheit is used alongside the Celsius calibration in Antigua and Barbuda and other countries which use the same meteorological service, such as Saint Kitts and Nevis, the Bahamas, and Belize. A handful of British Overseas Territories yet utilise both scales, including the British Virgin Islands, Montserrat, Anguilla, and Bermuda.^[7] In the United Kingdom, degrees Fahrenheit figures are sometimes used in newspaper headlines to sensationalize heatwaves.^[viii] All other countries now use Celsius (formerly known as centigrade), a scale formalized near 20 years after the Fahrenheit scale. However, the proper name Celsius was given to the centigrade calibration much later, in 1948, in honour of the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius.

Definition and conversion [edit]

Fahrenheit temperature conversion formulae

	from Fahrenheit	to Fahrenheit
Celsius	[°C] = ([°F] − 32) × 5⁄9	[°F] = [°C] × nine⁄5  + 32
Kelvin	[K] = ([°F] + 459.67) × 5⁄9	[°F] = [Grand] × 9⁄v  − 459.67
Rankine	[°R] = [°F] + 459.67	[°F] = [°R] − 459.67
For temperature intervals rather than specific temperatures, 1 °F = 1 °R = 5⁄9  °C = 5⁄ix  K Comparisons among various temperature scales

Historically, on the Fahrenheit calibration the melting point of water was 32 °F, and the boiling betoken was 212 °F (at standard atmospheric pressure level). This put the boiling and freezing points of h2o 180 degrees apart.^[9] Therefore, a degree on the Fahrenheit scale was 1⁄180 of the interval betwixt the freezing point and the boiling indicate. On the Celsius scale, the freezing and boiling points of water were originally defined to be 100 degrees autonomously. A temperature interval of 1 °F was equal to an interval of 5⁄9  degrees Celsius. With the Fahrenheit and Celsius scales at present both divers by the kelvin, this human relationship was preserved, a temperature interval of 1 °F being equal to an interval of 5⁄9  Grand and of 5⁄9  °C. The Fahrenheit and Celsius scales intersect numerically at −twoscore in the respective unit (i.e. −40 °F ≘ −40 °C).

Accented zero is 0 K, −273.15 °C, or −459.67 °F. The Rankine temperature scale uses degree intervals of the aforementioned size every bit those of the Fahrenheit calibration, except that absolute zero is 0 °R – the same way that the Kelvin temperature scale matches the Celsius scale, except that accented zero is 0 K.^[9]

The combination of degree symbol (°) followed past an majuscule letter F is the conventional symbol for the Fahrenheit temperature scale. A number followed by this symbol (and separated from it with a space) denotes a specific temperature point (e.g. "Gallium melts at 85.5763 °F"). A departure between temperatures or an uncertainty in temperature is also conventionally written the same mode also, eastward.g. "The output of the heat exchanger experiences an increase of 72 °F" or "Our standard uncertainty is ±v °F". All the same, some authors instead use the notation "An increment of 50 F°" (reversing the symbol order) to point temperature differences. Similar conventions exist for the Celsius scale, see Celsius § Temperatures and intervals.^{[10] [11]}

Conversion (specific temperature point) [edit]

For an exact conversion between degrees Fahrenheit and Celsius, and kelvins of a specific temperature point, the following formulas can be applied. Here, f is the value in degrees Fahrenheit, c the value in degrees Celsius, and k the value in kelvins:

• f  °F to c  °C: c = f − 32 / 1.8
• c  °C to f  °F: f = c × one.viii + 32
• f  °F to k  Grand: grand = f + 459.67 / 1.eight
• k  G to f  °F: f = g × ane.8 − 459.67

There is also an verbal conversion between Celsius and Fahrenheit scales making apply of the correspondence −twoscore °F ≘ −40 °C. Again, f is the numeric value in degrees Fahrenheit, and c the numeric value in degrees Celsius:

• f  °F to c  °C: c = f + 40 / 1.8 − xl
• c  °C to f  °F: f = ( c + 40) × 1.8 − forty

Conversion (temperature divergence or interval) [edit]

When converting a temperature interval between the Fahrenheit and Celsius scales, only the ratio is used, without any constant (in this case, the interval has the aforementioned numeric value in kelvins equally in degrees Celsius):

• f  °F to c  °C or k  1000: c = k = f / 1.8
• c  °C or k  K to f  °F: f = c × 1.8 = k × 1.8

History [edit]

Fahrenheit proposed his temperature calibration in 1724, basing it on two reference points of temperature. In his initial scale (which is not the final Fahrenheit scale), the zero signal was determined past placing the thermometer in "a mixture of ice, h2o, and salis Armoniaci ^{[note ane]} [transl. ammonium chloride] or even sea salt".^[12] This combination forms a eutectic organisation, which stabilizes its temperature automatically: 0 °F was defined to be that stable temperature. A 2d point, 96 degrees, was approximately the human body's temperature.^[12] A third point, 32 degrees, was marked as being the temperature of ice and water "without the aforementioned salts".^[12]

According to a German story, Fahrenheit actually chose the lowest air temperature measured in his hometown Danzig (Gdańsk, Poland) in wintertime 1708–09 as 0 °F, and only later had the need to be able to brand this value reproducible using brine.^[13]

According to a letter Fahrenheit wrote to his friend Herman Boerhaave,^[14] his scale was built on the work of Ole Rømer, whom he had met earlier. In Rømer scale, brine freezes at goose egg, water freezes and melts at 7.5 degrees, body temperature is 22.5, and h2o boils at lx degrees. Fahrenheit multiplied each value by iv in order to eliminate fractions and brand the scale more fine-grained. He then re-calibrated his scale using the melting bespeak of ice and normal human body temperature (which were at 30 and 90 degrees); he adjusted the scale so that the melting point of water ice would be 32 degrees, and body temperature 96 degrees, so that 64 intervals would separate the two, allowing him to mark caste lines on his instruments by but bisecting the interval half dozen times (since 64 = 2^{half dozen}).^{[15] [16]}

Fahrenheit soon afterwards observed that water boils at about 212 degrees using this scale.^[17] The utilise of the freezing and boiling points of water equally thermometer fixed reference points became popular following the work of Anders Celsius, and these fixed points were adopted by a committee of the Royal Society led by Henry Cavendish in 1776.^[18] Nether this organization, the Fahrenheit calibration is redefined slightly so that the freezing point of h2o was exactly 32 °F, and the boiling indicate was exactly 212 °F, or 180 degrees higher. It is for this reason that normal man body temperature is approximately 98.vi °F (oral temperature) on the revised scale (whereas it was xc° on Fahrenheit's multiplication of Rømer, and 96° on his original scale).^[19]

In the present-day Fahrenheit scale, 0 °F no longer corresponds to the eutectic temperature of ammonium chloride brine as described above. Instead, that eutectic is at approximately 4 °F on the last Fahrenheit scale.^{[note 2]}

The Rankine temperature scale was based upon the Fahrenheit temperature scale, with its cypher representing absolute zero instead.

Usage [edit]

General [edit]

 Countries that use Fahrenheit (°F).

 Countries that use both Fahrenheit (°F) and Celsius (°C).

 Countries that use Celsius (°C).

The Fahrenheit scale was the primary temperature standard for climatic, industrial and medical purposes in English-speaking countries until the 1960s. In the late 1960s and 1970s, the Celsius scale replaced Fahrenheit in almost all of those countries—with the notable exception of the United States and in sure cases, the Great britain—typically during their general metrication process.

Fahrenheit is used in the U.s.a., its territories and associated states (all served by the U.S. National Weather Service), as well equally the Cayman Islands and Liberia for everyday applications. For example, U.S. weather forecasts, food cooking, and freezing temperatures are typically given in degrees Fahrenheit. Scientists, including meteorologists, utilise degrees Celsius or kelvin in all countries.^[twenty]

USA [edit]

Early in the 20th century, Halsey and Dale suggested that reasons for resistance to use the centigrade (now Celsius) organization in the U.Due south. included the larger size of each degree Celsius and the lower zero point in the Fahrenheit organization; put another way, the Fahrenheit scale is more intuitive than Celsius for describing outdoor temperatures in temperate latitudes, with 100 °F beingness a hot summer day and 0 °F a cold winter day.^[21]

Canada [edit]

Canada has passed legislation favoring the International System of Units, while likewise maintaining legal definitions for traditional Canadian purple units.^[22] Canadian weather reports are conveyed using degrees Celsius with occasional reference to Fahrenheit especially for cross-border broadcasts. Fahrenheit is still used on virtually all Canadian ovens.^[23] Thermometers, both digital and analog, sold in Canada commonly employ both the Celsius and Fahrenheit scales.^{[24] [25] [26]}

European Matrimony [edit]

European laundry symbol for "Wash at 40 °C"

In the European union, information technology is mandatory to use kelvins or degrees Celsius when quoting temperature for "economic, public health, public rubber and administrative" purposes, though degrees Fahrenheit may be used aslope degrees Celsius every bit a supplementary unit.^[27] For instance, the laundry symbols used in the United kingdom follow the recommendations of ISO 3758:2005 showing the temperature of the washing machine h2o in degrees Celsius only.^[28] The equivalent label in North America uses one to six dots to denote temperature with an optional temperature in degrees Celsius.^{[29] [thirty]}

United Kingdom [edit]

Although Fahrenheit was the most popular scale in the U.k., for many years Celsius has been the master scale used, and it has been taught in schools since the 1970s.^[31] Inside unregulated sectors, such equally journalism, the utilise of Fahrenheit in the Great britain follows no fixed blueprint, with degrees Fahrenheit sometimes appearing alongside degrees Celsius. The Daily Telegraph does not mention Fahrenheit on its daily weather page,^[32] while The Times also has an all-metric daily weather page but has a Celsius-to-Fahrenheit conversion table.^[33] When publishing news stories, some UK tabloids have adopted a trend of using degrees Celsius in headlines and discussion relating to depression temperatures and Fahrenheit for mid to high temperatures.^{[34] [discuss]} In February 2006, the writer of an article in The Times suggested that the rationale was ane of accent: "−6 °C" sounds colder than "21 °F", and "94 °F" sounds more impressive than "34 °C".^[35]

Unicode representation of symbol [edit]

Unicode provides the Fahrenheit symbol at lawmaking betoken U+2109 ℉ Degree FAHRENHEIT. However, this is a compatibility character encoded for roundtrip compatibility with legacy encodings. The Unicode standard explicitly discourages the utilize of this graphic symbol: "The sequence U+00B0 ° Caste SIGN + U+0046 F LATIN Majuscule LETTER F is preferred over U+2109 ℉ Degree FAHRENHEIT, and those two sequences should be treated as identical for searching."^[36]

See besides [edit]

• Comparison of temperature scales
• Caste of frost

Notes [edit]

1. ^ "Sal Armoniac" was an impure form of ammonium chloride. The French chemist Nicolas Lémery (1645–1715) discussed it in his volume Cours de Chymie (A Course of Chemistry, 1675), describing where information technology occurs naturally and how it can be prepared artificially. Information technology occurs naturally in the deserts of northern Africa, where it forms from puddles of animal urine. It tin can exist prepared artificially by boiling 5 parts of urine, 1 part of sea salt, and ½ part of chimney soot until the mixture has stale. The mixture is and then heated in a sublimation pot until information technology sublimates; the sublimated crystals are sal Armoniac. See:
   • Nicolas Lémery, Cours de chymie […], 7th ed. (Paris, France: Estienne Michallet, 1688), Chapitre XVII : du Sel Armoniac, pp. 338–339.
     • English translation: Nicolas Lémery with James Keill, trans., A Course of Chymistry […], tertiary ed. (London, England: Walter Kettilby, 1698), Chap. XVII: of Sal Armoniack, p. 383, available on-line at Heinrich Heine University (Düsseldorf, Germany).
2. ^ Eutectic temperature of ammonium chloride and water is listed as −15.nine °C (3.38 °F) and as −15.4 °C (4.28 °F) in (respectively)
   • Peppin S. S., Huppert H. Eastward., Worster Thousand. G. (2008). "Steady-land solidification of aqueous ammonium chloride" (PDF). J. Fluid Mech. Cambridge University Press. 159: 472 (table 1). Bibcode:2008JFM...599..465P. doi:x.1017/S0022112008000219. S2CID 30271164. {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)
   • Barman N., Nayak A. K., Chattopadhyay H. (2021). "Solidification of a Binary Solution (NH₄Cl + H_twoO) on an Inclined Cooling Plate: A Parametric Written report" (PDF). Procedia Materials Scientific discipline. vii: 456 (table one). doi:ten.1016/j.mspro.2014.07.288. {{cite periodical}}: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link)

References [edit]

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2. ^ ^{a b} "Fahrenheit temperature scale". Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Retrieved 25 September 2015.
3. ^ "Fahrenheit: Facts, History & Conversion Formulas". Live Science . Retrieved 9 Feb 2018.
4. ^ Benham, Elizabeth (vi October 2020). "Busting Myths about the Metric Organisation". Nist. U.s. National Found of Standards and Technology. Retrieved seven January 2022.
5. ^ "Appendix C – General Tables of Units of Measurement" (PDF). United states of america National Found of Standards and Applied science. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
6. ^ "Resolution ane of the 26th CGPM (2018)". Bureau International des Poids et Mesures. Retrieved 7 Jan 2022. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
7. ^ "l years of Celsius weather forecasts – time to impale off Fahrenheit for expert? | Metric Views". Archived from the original on 2 October 2020. Retrieved 28 July 2019.
8. ^ "Newspapers run hot and common cold over Celsius and Fahrenheit". The Guardian. 29 December 2014.
9. ^ ^{a b} Boyes, Walt (2009). Instrumentation Reference Book. Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 273–274. ISBN978-0-7506-8308-ane . Retrieved 17 July 2011.
10. ^ Dingman, S. L. (26 Feb 2009). Fluvial Hydraulics. Oxford University Printing, The states. p. 522. ISBN978-0-19-517286-7.
11. ^ Sogin, Harold H.; Hassan, Kamal-Eldin (June 1956). A pattern transmission for regenerative rut exchangers of the rotary type. Wright Air Development Center. p. xii.
12. ^ ^{a b c} Fahrenheit, Daniele Gabr. (1724) Experimenta & observationes de congelatione aquæ in vacuo factæ a D. Grand. Fahrenheit, R. Due south. S (Experiments and observations on h2o freezing in the void by D. M. Fahrenheit, R. South. S.), Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, vol. 33, no. 382, page 78 (March–Apr 1724). Cited and translated in http://world wide web.sizes.com:80/units/temperature_Fahrenheit.htm.
13. ^ "Wetterlexikon - Lufttemperatur" (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Archived from the original on 15 October 2013. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
14. ^ Ernst Cohen and West. A. T. Cohen-De Meester. Chemisch Weekblad, volume 33 (1936), pages 374–393, cited and translated in http://www.sizes.com:80/units/temperature_Fahrenheit.htm.
15. ^ Frautschi, Steven C.; Richard P. Olenick; Tom M. Apostol; David L. Goodstein (fourteen Jan 2008). The mechanical universe: mechanics and heat. Cambridge University Printing. p. 502. ISBN978-0-521-71590-iv.
16. ^ Adams, Cecil (15 December 1989). "On the Fahrenheit scale, do 0 and 100 have any special significance?". The Straight Dope.
17. ^ Fahrenheit, Daniele Gabr. (1724) "Experimenta circa gradum caloris liquorum nonnullorum ebullientium instituta". Archived 29 June 2014 at the Wayback Machine (Experiments performed concerning the caste of heat of some boiling liquids), Philosophical Transactions of the Majestic Order of London, 33 : 1–three. For an English translation, see: Le Moyne College (Syracuse, New York).
18. ^ Hasok Chang, Inventing Temperature: Measurement and Scientific Progress, pp. 8–xi, Oxford University Press, 2004, ISBN 0198038240.
19. ^ Elert, Glenn; Forsberg, C.; Wahren, L.K. (2002). "Temperature of a Good for you Homo (Body Temperature)". Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences. sixteen (ii): 122–8. doi:10.1046/j.1471-6712.2002.00069.x. PMID 12000664. Archived from the original on 26 September 2010. Retrieved 12 April 2008.
20. ^ "782 - Airport reports and forecasts: A user's handbook to the codes". Earth Meteorological Organisation . Retrieved 23 September 2009.
21. ^ Halsey, Frederick A.; Dale, Samuel S. (1919). The metric fallacy (2 ed.). The American Institute of Weights and Measures. pp. 165–166, 176–177. Retrieved 19 May 2009.
22. ^ "Canadian Units of Measurement; Department of Justice, Weights and Measures Human action (R.Southward.C., 1985, c. W-half-dozen)". 17 May 2011. Archived from the original on 13 May 2011. Retrieved five June 2011.
23. ^ Pearlstein, Steven (4 June 2000). "Did Canada go metric? Aye - and no". The Seattle Times . Retrieved 5 June 2011.
24. ^ "Example of analog thermometer frequently used in Canada". Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved half-dozen June 2011.
25. ^ "Example of digital thermometer ofttimes used in Canada". Archived from the original on six July 2011. Retrieved vi June 2011.
26. ^ Department of Justice (26 February 2009). "Canadian Weights and Measures Act". Federal Government of Canada. Archived from the original on 10 August 2011. Retrieved 17 July 2011.
27. ^ Statutory Musical instrument 2009/3046 – Weights and Measures – The Units of Measurement Regulations 2009 (PDF), archived from the original (PDF) on ane January 2017, "The Secretary of State, beingness a Minister designated(a) for the purposes of section 2(2) of the European Communities Act 1972(b) in relation to units of measurement to be used for economical, health, safety, or administrative purposes, in practise of the powers conferred by that subsection, makes the post-obit Regulations:
28. ^ "Dwelling house Laundering Consultative Council – What Symbols Mean". Home Laundering Consultative Council. Retrieved fifteen July 2013.
29. ^ "Guide to Common Home Laundering & Drycleaning Symbols". Cloth Industry Affairs. 2010. Retrieved xv July 2013.
30. ^ "Guide to Apparel and Fabric Intendance Symbols". Office of Consumer Diplomacy, Government of Canada. 17 April 2003. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
31. ^ "The media like Fahrenheit simply about Brits think in Celsius". Opinium. 24 July 2013. Retrieved 21 June 2021.
32. ^ "atmospheric condition". The Daily Telegraph. iii July 2013. p. 31.
33. ^ "Weather". The Times. 3 July 2013. p. 55.
34. ^ Roy Greenslade (29 May 2014). "Newspapers run hot and cold over Celsius and Fahrenheit". The Guardian.
35. ^ "Measure for measure out". The Times. 23 February 2006.
36. ^ "22.2". The Unicode Standard, Version 8.0 (PDF). Mountain View, CA, The states: The Unicode Consortium. August 2015. ISBN978-1-936213-10-8 . Retrieved 6 September 2015.

External links [edit]

122 Degrees Fahrenheit To Celsius,

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrenheit

Posted by: newmanmunly1988.blogspot.com

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